Kurdish fighters say they have launched a large-scale operation east and north of Mosul, as an offensive to oust so-called Islamic State (IS) militants from the Iraqi city continues.

The Kurds say the operation aims to tighten the noose around the militants' last major stronghold in Iraq.

The Iraqi army has been moving from the south, and special forces have now joined the offensive.

There are signs that IS leaders have fled Mosul, the US military says.

There are thought to be up to 5,000 IS fighters still in the city.

The Kurdish Peshmerga forces said their operation was on three fronts, and followed recent gains by both the Kurds and the Iraqi security forces in the area.

"The objectives are to clear a number of nearby villages and secure control of strategic areas to further restrict ISIL's [IS] movements," the statement said.

The BBC's Olga Guerin, who is embedded with the Kurdish fighters, tweeted that the aim was to "reclaim 20 villages".

Meanwhile, Iraq's special forces joined the offensive on Thursday with a pre-dawn advance on the nearby town of Bartalla, Iraqi Maj-Gen Maan al-Saadi was quoted as saying by the Associated Press.

The special forces were being supported by air strikes carried out by a US-led coalition.

Earlier, Gen Gary Volesky said: "We've seen movement out of Mosul; we've got indications that leaders have left,"

But the American general did not specify who had fled, nor did he say where they had gone to.

The whereabouts of IS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi are unknown. Some reports say he is in Mosul; others say he has fled the northern Iraqi city.

It is possible that any fighters leaving the city had simply been going to man front line areas, which still lie beyond the outskirts, the BBC's Middle East analyst Alan Johnston says.

Nobody has any doubt that a hardcore of IS militants will stay in the city and fight for it, perhaps very fiercely indeed, our correspondent adds.

Gen Volesky, who heads the land component of the US-led coalition fighting IS, said that foreign fighters are likely to form the bulk of the force who will hold out.

The charity Save the Children claims that 5,000 people from the conflict area have fled to a refugee camp over the border in Syria in the last 10 days, with another 1,000 waiting at the border.

Refugee camps are being built in the south, east and north of Mosul in preparation for a flood of people fleeing the city. The UN says it expects at least 200,000 in the coming days and weeks.

Up to 1.5 million civilians are thought to still be in Mosul, with those inside reporting that IS was preventing them from leaving and that they were running out of basic supplies.

Mosul has been in the hands of IS since 2014 and is the militants' last major Iraqi stronghold.

The offensive to retake Mosul began on Monday, with the advancing forces seizing a number of villages on the city's outskirts ahead of a final push into the city.

But progress is expected to be slow, with IS fighters appearing to be putting up stiff resistance in places.

There are warnings the group could use human shields or chemical weapons.

It could be months before the city is liberated.